V. V. Laptev, P. A. Orlov
Price: 50 руб.
The pictorial charts, with symbols as counter values, are widely used in infographics. The researches on the effect of the stylisation level in visualisation on the effectiveness of the infographics have been inconclusive so far. The given paper considers the infl uence of the stylisation level (or a stylization degree relative to the realism) on the pictorial chart effectiveness. The investigation was carried out on four levels of realism: using abstract geometry, pictographic images, fi gures and photos. The results of our eye-tracking study
show that the information graphics based on every of the four levels of stylisation could be used with the same degree of effectiveness. It was found to have no effect on both task solving duration and performance. We discovered that the eye-movement patterns were not affected by the stylisation levels. Instead, it was determined that the composition of visualised elements (design of visualisation) had a great infl uence on eye patterns.
Keywords: infographics, data visualization, eye-track, stylisation, pictorial charts.
REFERENCES
1. Nemeth, E. Scientifi c attitude and picture language. Otto Neurath on visualisation in social sciences. Wagner, D., Pichler, W., Nemeth, E., & Heinrich, R. (Eds.),
Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, 2011, Vol. 17, pp. 59–84.
doi:10.1515/9783110330496.59
2. Minns, E. 19. ’Unity in difference’: the representation of life in the soviet union
through isotype. A People Passing Rude. British Responses to Russian Culture. Cross
A. (Dir.) 2012, London: Open Book Publishers, pp. 269-284.
3. Holmes, N. Pictograms: A view from the drawing board or, what I have learned
from Otto Neurath and Gerd Arntz (and jazz). Information Design Journal, 2001, Vol.
10 (2), 133–143. doi:10.1075/idj.10.2.08hol
4. Lupton, E. Reading isotype. Design Issues, 1986, Vol. 3(2), 47–58.
doi:10.2307/1511484
5. Laptev, V.V. Pictorial charts in infographics: scope, classifi cation and rules of
creation [Фигурные диаграммы в инфографике: сфера применения, классификация
и правила построения]. St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Humanities and Social Sciences, 2014, Vol. 1(191), 298–306.
6. Skau, D., Harrison, L., & Kosara, R. An evaluation of the impact of visual embellishments in bar charts. Computer Graphics Forum, 2015, Vol. 34(3), pp. 221–230.
doi:10.1111/cgf.12634
7. Few, S. Save the pies for dessert. Visual Business Intelligence Newsletter, 2007,
pp. 1–14.
8. Haroz, S., Kosara, R., & Franconeri, S.L. ISOTYPE visualization — working memory, performance, and engagement with pictographs. Proceedings of
the ACM Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), 2015, pp. 1191–1200.
doi:10.1145/2702123.2702275
9. Bateman, S., Mandryk, R.L., Gutwin, C., Genest, A., McDine, D., & Brooks, C.
Useful junk? The effects of visual embellishment on comprehension and memorability
of charts. Proceeding of the ACM Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), 2010,
pp. 2573–2582. doi:10.1145/1753326.1753716
10. Borgo, R., & Abdul-Rahman, A. An empirical study on using visual embellishments in visualization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,
2012, Vol. 18(12), pp. 2759–2768. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2012.197
11. Borkin, M.A., Vo, A.A., Bylinskii, Z., Isola, P., Sunkavalli, S., Oliva, A. A.,
& Pfi ster, H. What makes a visualization memorable? IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2013, Vol. 19(12), pp. 2306–2315. doi:10.1109/
TVCG.2013.234
12. Bertin, J. Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps. 2011, USA:
ESRI Press.
13. Bera, P. Do distracting dashboards matter? Evidence from an eye tracking
study. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 2014, Vol. 193, pp. 65–74.
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11373-9_6
14. Tufte, E.R. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information (2nd ed.). 2001,
USA: Graphics Press.
15. Yarbus, A.L. Eye movements and vision. 1965, Moscow: Nauka.
16. Hoffman, D.D., & Richards, W.A. Parts of recognition. Cognition, 1984,
Vol. 18(1-3), pp. 65–96.
17. Biederman, I. Recognition by components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review, 1987, Vol. 94(2), 115–147. doi:10.1037/0033-295-
X.94.2.115
18. Prats, M., Garner, S., Jowers, I., McKay, A., & Pedreira, N. Interpretation
of geometric shapes — an eye movement study. Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications, ACM, 2010, pp. 243–250.
doi:10.1145/1743666.1743723
19. Huang, W. Using eye tracking to investigate graph layout effects. Proceedings
of the 6th Asia-Pacifi c Symposium on Visualisation, 2007, pp. 97–100. doi:10.1109/
APVIS.2007.329282
20. Goldberg, J.H., & Helfman, J.I. Comparing information graphics: a critical
look at eye tracking. Proceedings of the 3rd BELIV’10 Workshop: Beyond time and
errors: Novel evaluation methods for information visualization. 2010, ACM, pp. 71–78.
doi:10.1145/2110192.2110203
21. Sharif, B., & Maletic, J.I. An empirical study on the comprehension of stereotyped
UML class diagram layouts. Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Conference on
Program Comprehension, 2009, pp. 268–272. doi:10.1109/ICPC.2009.5090055
22. Filin, V.A. Automaticity of saccadic [Автоматия саккад]. Moscow: Moscow
State University, 2002.
23. Duchowski, A. Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice. 2007, London:
Springer Science+Business Media.
24. Orlov P.A., Laptev, V.V., & Ivanov, V.M. For the question about eye-tracking
applying [К вопросу о применении систем ай-трекинга]. St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University Journal. Computer Science. Telecommunication and Control
Systems. 2014, Vol. 5(205), 84–94.
25. Rayner, K. Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual
search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2009, Vol. 62(8), 1457–1506.
doi:10.1080/17470210902816461
26. Engbert, R. Microsaccades: A microcosm for research on oculomotor control,
attention, and visual perception. Progress in Brain Research, 2006, Vol. 154, pp. 177–
192. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(06)54009-9
27. Martinez-Conde, S., Macknik, S.L., Troncoso, X.G., & Hubel, D.H. Microsaccades: a neurophysiological analysis. Trends in Neurosciences, 2009, Vol. 32(9), pp.
463–475. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.006
