At the time when people were enjoying urban culture, busy with self-admiration
or self-beating, representatives of the aesthetics of romanticism that reigned in
the West about a century ago, such as poet Friedrich Gцlderlin and philosopher
Martin Heidegger, coldly outlined the emerging cultural crisis. At that time, the
fi gures had already put forward the ideals of “homecoming” and “poetic life”.
While other people admired the advent of the industrial era, progressive thinking
allowed prominent fi gures such as naturalist John Muir and writer Henry Toro to
remind the inhabitants of the Earth of the need to soberly assess the approach-
ing environmental and social crises. Watching the development of urban society
become more and more “obscure” day by day, the artists who were the builders
of the spiritual culture of humanity turned the perceived and observed changes
in the social environment into the main themes of their creativity. In works of art
of that time devoted to the environment, landscapes, people and other objects
were a large-scale sociological metaphor. Speaking the language of painting,
artists openly or by hints described the environment and demonstrated their
own attitude towards it.
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