The article gives grounds for the idea of the Jewish national identity among the European population in the late 19th century, which in its turn gave rise to Zionism as well as the
recovery of the Israeli State. The article shows that the form of national Jewish identity
differs from the idea of religious uni瑓cation whereas nationalism is rooted not only in Eu-
ropean antisemitism, but also was a part of the European thought development. The article deals with different problematic aspects of the Jewish national self-identity formation not only in the past, but also in the present times, which are inseparably connected.
Key words: Jews, religion, Age of Enlightenment, Haskalah, Romanticism,
nationalism, Zionism.
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