The author of the paper makes the fi rst attempt in the legal literature to describe pre-
sumptions that constitute, in his opinion, an essential part of criminal law. One of them
is the presumption of a person’s awareness of the public danger of his/her actions, which
is usually realised in theory and law enforcement as a maxim “ignorance of the law is
no excuse”.
Key words: presumptions, ignorance of law, burden of proof, failure of refutation.
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