Maria O. Bulich
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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25807/22224378_2025_3_96
Abstract. Hostage situations are among the most traumatic extreme events, exerting a
long-lasting impact on the mental state of victims, their relatives, and society as a whole.
The psychological consequences of such situations are manifested in the development of
post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, and cognitive and behavioural
impairments. In addition to the hostages themselves, their relatives experience significant
stress, which can lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. The public
is also subject to emotional impact through the phenomenon of witness trauma and mass
fears amplified by the media. This article examines the main psychological consequences
of hostage situations, the mechanisms of their emergence, and their effects on different
groups of victims. The necessity of a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and social
support for victims is emphasised, along with the importance of responsible media coverage
of such events.
Keywords: hostage situation, post-traumatic stress disorder, secondary PTSD, witness trauma, psychological consequences, stress, adaptation, rehabilitation, public reaction
